Articles

Clinical uses of L-tyrosine in naturopathic medicine

What is Tyrosine and what is it used for? L-Tyrosine, commonly referred to as just tyrosine, is a conditionally essential amino acid that the body makes from another amino acid, phenylalanine. Tyrosine is essential for the production of a family of neurotransmitters called catecholamines that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.1 Additionally, tyrosine is a precursor to thyroid hormone and melanin synthesis.1 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Tyrosine Technically, there isn’t an RDA established for tyrosine and most people meet their needs by eating a variety of protein rich foods. In specific instances, supplementation may be necessary. Most studies utilize a dose of 100-150 milligrams per one kilogram of body weight in adults, but this varies for children and individuals with phenylketonuria.1 It is best practice

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP June 4, 2025

Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and supplementation in children

What is thiamine? Thiamine, or vitamin B1, is a water soluble vitamin found naturally in some foods and added to others. All of the B vitamins are essential for energy production because they help convert carbohydrates to glucose, the body’s primary fuel source. Thiamine is important for nutrient metabolism, a healthy liver, skin, hair, eye and nervous system functions. Thiamine is sometimes called the “anti-stress” vitamin because it strengthens the immune system and thus increases the body’s tolerance to stress.1 Recommended dietary allowance for thiamine (Vitamin B1) The RDA for thiamine is as follows: Newborns, 6 months: 0.2 mg (adequate intake) Infants, 7 months to 1 year: 0.3 mg (adequate intake) Children, 1 to 3 years: 0.5 mg (RDA) Children, 4 to 8 years: 0.6

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP May 22, 2025

The evidence for CoQ10 supplementation in children

What is Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and what does it do? Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat soluble compound synthesized in the body. It is commonly referred to as ubiquinone because it is found in almost every cell in all living organisms, making it ubiquitous in nature. CoQ10 is found in the mitochondrial membrane where it helps convert food to ATP, the energy used by cells.1 More specifically, it converts carbs and fats to ATP by delivering electrons to oxygen as part of the electron transport chain in the final steps of fatty acid and glucose metabolism.1 Therefore, CoQ10 is an essential component of energy production. Due to its essential role in mitochondrial energy production, it affects the function of all cells, especially those with high

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP May 1, 2025

Copper deficiency, toxicity and supplementation in children

Copper is a mineral found in all body tissues and most secretions. It serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in energy production, iron metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis.1 Additionally, copper is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, an important part of the body’s antioxidant defense against oxidative stress. Copper is necessary for the synthesis of connective tissues like collagen and elastin, has a hand in blood clotting, immune function, and the activation of several hormones.2 Copper is also involved in the development of new blood vessels, regulation of gene expression, and brain development.1 Food sources of copper Copper can be found in a wide variety of foods. Some of the best sources of copper are meat, especially organ meats and shellfish. Other sources of copper are

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP April 23, 2025

5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and the “feel good” neurotransmitter serotonin

What is 5-HTP? 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a chemical the body makes from tryptophan, an amino acid found in food. After tryptophan is converted to 5-HTP it is converted again, but this time to serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that carries messages from the brain to various parts of the body and plays a role in sleep, appetite, digestion, impulse control, PMS, mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory and more. It’s often referred to as the “feel good” neurotransmitter because of its ability to create a sense of happiness or wellbeing. Appropriate serotonin levels are essential for a healthy brain and normal levels support focus, emotional stability, happiness, and a sense of calm.1 Serotonin has been implicated in depression, anxiety, insomnia, inattention, and nervousness, but not all

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP April 1, 2025

The fine line between Elimination Diets and Eating Disorders

As a pediatric naturopathic doctor I have over ten years of experience using therapeutic elimination diets in children. I have seen many cases of dramatic reversal of chronic disease or behavior concerns. That said, in the last few years I have found myself increasingly hesitant to recommend restrictive diets, especially as elimination diets have exploded in popularity in the last few years. Food sensitivity tests can now be purchased online and social media is enamored with all sorts of elimination diets. Although they can be a powerful tool for healing, there’s certainly some nuance that we collectively seem to be missing. In this article, I’ll outline the difference between elimination diets, orthorexia and other eating disorders (and the overlapping features), the dangers of elimination diets,

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP February 4, 2025

What is glutathione? What are glutathione supplements used for?

What is Glutathione? Glutathione, often referred to as the “master antioxidant,” is a naturally occurring molecule found in the cells. Glutathione is a tripeptide, meaning it is made of three amino acids (cysteine, glutamine, and glycine). It is produced in the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Glutathione is involved in various biochemical processes that help protect and maintain the health of the body. Functions of Glutathione in the Body: Glutathione has several essential functions within the body. One of its primary roles is to act as a potent antioxidant. It neutralizes harmful free radicals and protects cells from oxidative stress, which can lead to various health issues, including chronic diseases.1 Additionally, glutathione plays a vital role in the detoxification process, aiding

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP January 2, 2025

Petasites (Butterbur) in Pediatric Migraine Management

Migraines in pediatric populations present a significant challenge, both for families and healthcare providers. As the search for effective, safe, and well-tolerated preventive treatments continues, Petasites hybridus—commonly known as butterbur—has emerged as a compelling option. In this article, I’ll dive into the clinical application of butterbur for pediatric migraine management, exploring its traditional uses, phytochemistry, safety profile, clinical evidence, and considerations for integrative pediatric practice. Traditional Uses of Butterbur in Medicine The Petasites genus, part of the Asteraceae family, is a perennial plant known for its thick, creeping underground rhizomes and large, distinctive leaves. In the first century AD, the Greek physician Dioscorides described butterbur as “a shoot, taller than a cubit and thick as a thumb, bearing large, hat-shaped leaves, as if they were mushrooms,

Andy Turner, ND September 9, 2024

Safety and use of L-Theanine in Children

What is L-theanine? Theanine, an amino acid primarily found in tea leaves, particularly Camellia sinensis, and some mushrooms, has garnered considerable attention in recent years for its potential health benefits. Structurally similar to glutamate, a neurotransmitter involved in brain function, theanine is known for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert various neurophysiological effects. It is believed to promote relaxation without causing drowsiness, which has led to its widespread use as a supplement aimed at reducing stress and anxiety. Research suggests that theanine increases the production of alpha waves in the brain, associated with a state of relaxed alertness, and may enhance cognitive function and attention, particularly when combined with caffeine. L-theanine is the proper name and tells us that it isn’t attached

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP September 1, 2024

The evidence for fish oil supplementation for children with asthma

Fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA, is gaining recognition for its potential to help manage asthma, especially in children. These healthy fats, found primarily in fish and seafood, have impressive anti-inflammatory properties, making them an excellent option for asthma treatment. When considering fish oil for children, it’s essential to understand the different types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is found in plant oils like flaxseed, soybean, and canola, while EPA and DHA are mainly found in fish and seafood. Since the body can only convert a small amount of ALA into EPA and DHA, obtaining these fatty acids directly from dietary sources or supplements is necessary. Omega-3s are vital for

Andy Turner, ND August 20, 2024

Valerian for Children: An Effective and Safe Alternative for ADHD and Sleep Disturbances?

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) has a long history of use in traditional medicine for a variety of conditions, notably its application as a sleep aid and treatment for anxiety. Today, its application has expanded to include attention deficit and hyperactivity syndromes, helping to calm and focus the mind.1 Despite its historical and contemporary uses in adult populations, research on valerian’s efficacy and safety in pediatric medicine is limited. Consider the case of a 7-year-old boy named Alex,* who has been experiencing significant hyperactivity, restlessness, and difficulty concentrating in school. His symptoms have led to frequent disruptions in the classroom and challenges in completing homework, causing concern for his parents and teachers. Additionally, Alex’s restlessness makes it hard for him to fall asleep at bedtime, resulting in inadequate

Andy Turner, ND July 20, 2024

What form of magnesium is best for kids?

Why is magnesium so important for children? Magnesium is an important mineral that serves as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body.1 Magnesium contributes to hundreds of ATP-requiring processes involved in metabolism, energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. Magnesium is required to break down carbs and fat to turn them into energy. It’s required for protein synthesis, cell replication, DNA and RNA synthesis. Magnesium facilitates neural impulses that control muscle contraction and normal heart rhythms.2 It plays a role in blood glucose control, blood pressure regulation, and is a critical component of bones and teeth.1 Most magnesium is found in bone, muscle, and inside cells, making it difficult to assess its status.1 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Magnesium: The RDA for newborns until 12 months

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP June 1, 2024

Is stinging nettle safe for children? What is it used for?

Urtica dioica, commonly referred to as stinging nettle, boasts a rich history of culinary, medicinal, clothing and ceremonial practices. Belonging to the Urticacea family, it is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Europe and Asia, now found in temperate regions worldwide and considered a weed in intensive agriculture due to its rapid growth and colonization.1 The plant can grow to heights of 2 meters and is covered with microscopically hooked hair-like protrusions that cause the stinging sensation it is named for. This skin-irritating effect is triggered by the release of biochemical substances like histamine and acetylcholine from its needle-like protrusions.2 The sting of the nettle is neutralized when the plants are dried. The Latin-derived genus name Urtica is believed to originate from uro and urere, meaning “to burn” and “to sting,” respectively.

Andy Turner, ND April 15, 2024

Clinical evidence for the use of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) in children

The Timeless Appeal of Chamomile Chamomile, scientifically known as Matricaria chamomilla, is a widely used herb in traditional medicines around the world. Ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman medical texts describe using chamomile as a calming tea infusion and for treating dry, weatherworn skin.1 Chinese medical traditions first detailed chamomiles’ (known as “Bamu Nai”) attributes during the 10th century in Uyghur medicine.2 Similarly, the Unani medicine system, prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, boasts a centuries-old association with chamomiles’ therapeutic potential.3 For thousands of years, chamomile served as a symbol bridging the spiritual with the wonder of medicine. Egyptians and Saxons regarded chamomile as sacred and in Slovakia it was customary for individuals to bow when encountering chamomile plants, a sign of deep respect.4 Native Americans incorporated chamomile into their practices employing

Andy Turner, ND April 2, 2024

Safety and the use of Verbascum thapsus (Mullein) for common children’s conditions

Mullein is a wonderful, abundant herb used for a number of children’s conditions. In this article we will explore the clinical research, safety and efficacy of Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) for use in children. Introduction Mullein, scientifically known as Verbascum thapsus, is a versatile flowering plant belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family, widely recognized for its medicinal properties across various cultures throughout history. Native to Europe, Asia and North Africa, mullein has also naturalized in other regions, including North America, where it thrives in diverse habitats such as meadows, roadsides, and wastelands. From ancient civilizations to contemporary herbal medicine, mullein has been revered for its diverse pharmacological properties ranging from its soothing effects on respiratory ailments to its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agent. As scientific

Andy Turner, ND March 2, 2024

Probiotics and Their Role in Alleviating IBS and Constipation in Children

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and constipation are common gastrointestinal issues that can significantly impact the well-being of children. Treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are notoriously inadequate or come with potentially serious side effects and risks.1 It’s crucial to explore gentle, holistic approaches (that actually work) to address these concerns. Probiotics have the potential to modulate the gut microbiota and have emerged as a promising solution. In this article, we’ll delve into the relationship between probiotics, IBS, and constipation in children, examining specific probiotic strains, prebiotics, and their mechanisms of action. Understanding IBS and Constipation in Children IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and altered bowel habits. Constipation, a frequent symptom of IBS, can lead to further complications if

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP March 1, 2024

Is Echinacea Safe for Children? Is it Effective?

Introduction to Echinacea in herbal medicine Have you ever strolled through the pharmacy section at your local grocery store and noticed cold and flu medications boasting echinacea as a key ingredient? While the flashy labels are clearly promising relief from stubborn bugs, you might be wondering: does echinacea work? Is it safe? What exactly is echinacea? Echinacea is an herbal gem with roots stretching back through time. In this article we will unpack some of the potent history of this plant ally as well as take a peek into the latest scientific discoveries from the past decade (ish). We’ll dig deep into the nitty-gritty clinical research, especially focusing on how this botanical wonder plays a role in pediatric medicine. Read on to learn how echinacea

Andy Turner, ND February 4, 2024

Medicinal use of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) in naturopathic medicine

The historical use of thyme Thymus vulgaris, commonly known as thyme, has a rich and varied history of use that dates back to ancient civilizations. The ancient Egyptians used thyme in their embalming practices, recognizing its strong preservative and antibacterial properties. In Ancient Greece, thyme was widely used for its aromatic qualities; it was burned as incense in sacred temples and was also a symbol of courage and admiration, with soldiers often given thyme before battles as a sign of bravery. During the Roman era, thyme was valued for its culinary and medicinal qualities. The Romans used it in bathing and massaging. Pliny the Elder noted many medicinal qualities to thyme including use as an expectorant, for various “intestinal ailments,” for “pain in the thoracic

Erika Krumbeck, ND, FABNP January 21, 2024

Nature’s soothing secret: clinical use of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) in pediatric medicine

Introduction Lemon Balm, scientifically known as Melissa officinalis, is a versatile herb with a rich history in traditional and modern herbal medicine. A member of the Lamiaceae family, lemon balm has been cherished for centuries and stands as a promising herbal option for pediatric medicine due to its gentle yet effective calming properties. In this article, we will explore the world of lemon balm, uncovering its historical significance, active constituents, and diverse applications in health and wellness, particularly for pediatric medicine. Historical use of lemon balm Lemon balm has a deep-rooted legacy in traditional medicine, tracing back over 2000 years and originating with the Greeks and Romans.1,2 The Greek Polymath Theophratus mentioned it in his Historia Plantarum around 300 BC, calling it “honey-leaf.” In

Andy Turner, ND January 4, 2024

Clinical use of vitamin B6 – ASD, ADHD, PMS and mood disorders

Peppermint for functional abdominal pain in children

Quercetin supplementation for children: safety, research and efficacy